"What did freedom mean to former slaves and to their former masters? Focusing on the North Fluminense, author finds that the libertos rejected the term negro because it marked them as ex-slaves; they preferred pardo, which they saw not in terms of whitening but of social mobility and acceptance as citizens. For many elites, by contrast, the Republic was born 'without people' ('citizens') and had to be filled with immigrants. Massively researched"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 58.