"Black and white" refers not only to racial disparities but also to tensions between elite culture and an incipient mass culture that has found expression in media such as photography and graphic arts (formerly referred to in English-language sources such as black and white art). In the Brazilian context, the intersection between exclusions according to racist and class criteria makes it almost impossible to think them in isolation. Generally understood as an elite movement, Brazilian modernism is usually associated with a so-called São Paulo group. However, from the emergence of the first favelas in the 1890s and 1900s to the reinvention of Carnival in the 1930s and 1940s, through the boom of new and media photography, modernism has crossed several social classes and geographical areas. In this book, Rafael Cardoso offers a radical rereading of the movement, bringing to light elements absolutely central to its unfolding that are not only in São Paulo lands. Illustratated with a hundred images, Modernity in black and white combines extensive research with an engaging prose, which guides the reader through various areas of Brazilian society between 1890 and 1945.