This book is part of a pan-European research project investigating four Netherlandish paintings from the 16th century, all depicting Christ Driving the Traders from the Temple, and presently in the collections of the Kadriorg Art Museum, Tallinn; National Gallery of Denmark, Copenhagen; Glasgow Museums, and in a private collection. This publication presents the first results of the technical investigation, multispectral analysis and art historical research. The four paintings examined are alike yet different with echoes of Hieronymus Bosch and Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The research project addresses an under-investigated part of 16th- and 17th-century Netherlandish art production that reuses popular imagery from the time of Hieronymus Bosch. The paintings represent four versions of Christ Driving the Traders from the Temple that follow religious and cultural traditions and were made with different purposes, answering to the demands of a booming 16th-century Antwerp art market.